Topical Retinoids

Topical forms of vitamin A (retinoids) have been used widely in the USA for many years. The first retinoid to be used topically was all-trans retinoic acid developed by Dr. Albert Kingman. It was brought to market in the 1970s . Vitamin A is required for normal growth of many tissues. Excessive quantities can adversely affect the embryo and fetus in pregnancy. 

Topical Retinoid Drug Mechanisms & Effects

• All trans retinol Gene transcription comedolysis, epidermal thickening, dermal regeneration, pigment lightening Irritation, red skin, skin peeling

• All trans retinoic acid Gene transcription Comedolysis, palliative effects on fine wrinkling and reducing mottled hyperpigmentation and tactile roughness of facial skin,  Irritation, red skin, skin peeling

• Adapalene normalizes differentiation of epithelial cells Comedolysis Irritation, red skin, skin peeling, skin burning, itching

• Tazarotene Blocks induction of ornithine decarboxylase activity Normalizes differentiation and proliferation of the epidermalkeratinocytes in psoriasis, also comedolysis in acne Irritation, red skin, skin peeling, skin burning, itching, photosensitvity, dry skin, fissuring, bleeding, teratogenic

• Alitretinoin Activates RXR and RAR receptors Inhibits growth of Kaposi's sarcoma cells in vitro Irritant contact dermatitis, redness, scaling, itching, teratogenic

• Bexarotene modulation of RXR receptors  Central Hypothyroidism, redness, irritation to skin, itching, teratogenic